What is a direct obstetric risk associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)?

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is known for its association with various pregnancy complications, particularly those that affect fetal growth and wellbeing. The correct answer highlights the relationship between APS and fetal growth restriction (FGR).

In pregnant individuals with APS, there is an increased risk of placental insufficiency, which can lead to inadequate nutrient and oxygen supply to the developing fetus. This insufficiency is a primary factor contributing to growth restriction. The reported risk of fetal growth restriction is notable, with estimates indicating that around 30% of pregnancies affected by APS may experience this complication.

When considering why other options do not represent direct obstetric risks associated with APS, it becomes clear that fetal congenital anomalies and gestational diabetes are not inherently linked to APS in the same way that FGR is. Similarly, while preterm labor can occur in various obstetric scenarios, the specific link to APS and its elevated risk is not as strong as that for fetal growth restriction. Thus, the focus on growth restriction as a direct obstetric risk is aligned with current understanding of APS and its impacts during pregnancy.